Day 3: English Grammar Basics

Lesson Objectives

Today, you’ll learn:

• Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs: Understand their roles with Urdu explanations.
• Singular & Plural: Learn how to form plurals correctly.
• Is, Am, Are: Use these verbs in affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.
• Question Words: Master What, Where, Who, Why, When for asking questions.

Semantic tip: Focus on 'English grammar basics' and 'nouns and pronouns in English' to improve sentence clarity.

Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs Explained in Urdu

Grammar is the backbone of 'English grammar for Urdu speakers'. Let’s break it down:

• Nouns (اسم): Names of people, places, or things. E.g., "book" (کتاب), "Ali" (علی), "school" (اسکول).
• Pronouns (ضمیر): Replace nouns to avoid repetition. E.g., "he" (وہ), "she" (وہ), "it" (یہ).
• Verbs (فعل): Show actions or states. E.g., "run" (دوڑنا), "is" (ہے), "eat" (کھانا).

Examples:

Type	English	Urdu	Example
Noun	Book	کتاب	The book is on the table.
Pronoun	He	وہ	He reads a book.
Verb	Eat	کھانا	I eat food.

Semantic tip: Understanding 'nouns and pronouns in English' helps construct clear sentences.

Singular and Plural Forms

In English, nouns change to show quantity. This is similar to Urdu (e.g., کتاب vs کتابیں).

• Singular: One item. E.g., "cat" (بلی).
• Plural: More than one. Add -s or -es. E.g., "cats" (بلیاں), "boxes" (ڈبے).
• Rules:
  • Add -s: book → books (کتاب → کتابیں).
  • Add -es for words ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z: bus → buses (بس → بسیں).
  • Irregular: man → men (آدمی → آدمیوں), child → children (بچہ → بچے).

Examples:

Singular	Plural	Urdu Singular	Urdu Plural
Dog	Dogs	کتا	کتے
Box	Boxes	ڈبا	ڈبے
Man	Men	آدمی	آدمیوں

Practice: Convert "pen" (قلم) to plural and use in a sentence: "The pens are new." (قلم نئے ہیں).

Using "Is, Am, Are" Correctly

"Is, am, are" are forms of the verb "to be" (ہونا). They’re essential for 'is am are usage' in sentences.

• Am: Used with "I". E.g., "I am happy." (میں خوش ہوں).
• Is: Used with he/she/it. E.g., "She is a teacher." (وہ استاد ہے).
• Are: Used with you/we/they. E.g., "They are students." (وہ طالب علم ہیں).

Forms:

Type	English	Urdu
Affirmative	I am at home.	میں گھر پر ہوں۔
Negative	She is not tired.	وہ تھکی ہوئی نہیں ہے۔
Interrogative	Are you busy?	کیا آپ مصروف ہیں؟

Rules:

• Negative: Add "not" (is not, am not, are not).
• Interrogative: Invert subject and verb (e.g., "Is she happy?").

Semantic tip: Mastering 'is am are usage' improves sentence accuracy.

Question Words: What, Where, Who, Why, When

Question words help you ask for information, a key part of 'English question words'.

• What (کیا): Asks about things. E.g., "What is your name?" (آپ کا نام کیا ہے؟).
• Where (کہاں): Asks about place. E.g., "Where is the school?" (اسکول کہاں ہے؟).
• Who (کون): Asks about people. E.g., "Who is she?" (وہ کون ہے؟).
• Why (کیوں): Asks about reason. E.g., "Why are you late?" (آپ دیر سے کیوں ہیں؟).
• When (کب): Asks about time. E.g., "When is the class?" (کلاس کب ہے؟).

Examples:

Question Word	English	Urdu
What	What is this?	یہ کیا ہے؟
Where	Where are you?	آپ کہاں ہیں؟
Who	Who is your friend?	آپ کا دوست کون ہے؟
Why	Why is he sad?	وہ اداس کیوں ہے؟
When	When do you sleep?	آپ کب سوتے ہیں؟

Semantic tip: Practice 'English question words' to enhance conversational skills.